Déterminants du carcinome photo-induit chez les sujets de phototype albinos aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa / Determinants of photo-induced carcinoma in albino phototype people at the Kinshasa University hospital

Contexte et objectif. Les rayonnements ultra-violets constituent un facteur connu de risque de carcinome photo-induit chez l'albinos en milieu à fort ensoleillement. La présente étude a évalué l'ampleur du carcinome photo induit et a recherché les principaux déterminants chez les sujets de phototype albinos à Kinshasa. Méthodes. Dans une étude transversale, des sujets de phototype albinos recrutés de manière consécutive, ont été examinés du 1er janvier 2020 au 30 septembre 2020 au Service de dermatologie des Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa. La fréquence du carcinome a été estimée et ses déterminants recherchés à l'aide d'une analyse de régression logistique. Résultats. Au total 100 albinos ont été inclus. Près d'un albinos sur deux (44 %) a développé un carcinome. En analyse multivariée, l'âge >30 ans (OR : 2,68 ; IC 95% :1,65-11,10 ; p=0,017), la présence des kératoses actiniques (OR: 3.80; IC 95%: 1.43-7.23; p=0.023), un antécédent familial de cancer non cutané (OR : 2,40 ; IC95% : 1,47-12,35 ; p=0,29), un antécédent familial de carcinome (OR : 4,99 ; IC95% :3,0-9,29 ;p=0,000) et un antécédent personnel de polytransfusion (OR :2,30 ; IC 95% :1,26-6,20 ;p=0,045) ont été identifiés comme les principaux déterminants du carcinome photo-induit. Conclusion. Près d'un albinos sur deux présente un carcinome photo-induit. Ceci justifie l'intensification des mesures comportementales et préventives contre le développement des cancers cutanés ciblant particulièrement les albinos âgés de moins de 30 ans, présentant des kératoses actiniques et ceux avec antécédents familiaux de cancer (carcinome et autres).

Mitigation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by casticin in male albino rats / Mitigação da nefrotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina pela casticina em ratos albinos machos

Cisplatin (CP) is a commonly used, powerful antineoplastic drug, having numerous side effects. Casticin (CAS) is considered as a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. The present research was planned to assess the curative potential of CAS on CP persuaded renal injury in male albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats were distributed into four equal groups. Group-1 was considered as a control group. Animals of Group-2 were injected with 5mg/kg of CP intraperitoneally. Group-3 was co-treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally and injection of CP (5mg/kg). Group-4 was treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally throughout the experiment. CP administration substantially reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione (GSH) content while increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Urea, urinary creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, albumin and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in CP treated group. The results demonstrated that CP significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and histopathological damages. However, the administration of CAS displayed a palliative effect against CP-generated renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the CAS is an effective compound having the curative potential to counter the CP-induced renal damage.

A cisplatina (CP) é uma droga antineoplásica poderosa, comumente usada, com vários efeitos colaterais. Casticin (CAS) é considerado um eliminador de radicais livres e um potente antioxidante. A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar o potencial curativo da CAS em lesão renal induzida por PC em ratos albinos machos. Vinte e quatro ratos albinos machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos iguais. O Grupo 1 foi considerado grupo controle. Os animais do Grupo 2 foram injetados com 5 mg / kg de PB por via intraperitoneal. O Grupo 3 foi cotratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral e injeção de CP (5 mg / kg). O Grupo 4 foi tratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral durante todo o experimento. A administração de CP reduziu substancialmente as atividades de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa redutase (GSR), glutationa (GSH), enquanto aumentou as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e níveis de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Os níveis de ureia, creatinina urinária, urobilinogênio, proteínas urinárias, molécula 1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) aumentaram substancialmente. Em contraste, a albumina e a depuração da creatinina foram significativamente reduzidas no grupo tratado com PC. Os resultados demonstraram que a CP aumentou significativamente os indicadores de inflamação, incluindo fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-κB), fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α), interleucina-1β (IL-1β), interleucina-6 (IL-6) níveis e atividade da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e danos histopatológicos. No entanto, a administração de CAS apresentou um efeito paliativo contra a toxicidade renal gerada por CP e recuperou todos os parâmetros, trazendo-os a um nível normal. Estes resultados revelaram que o CAS é um composto eficaz com potencial curativo para combater o dano renal induzido por CP.

Radioprotective Effect of Nigella Sativa Oil on Heart Tissues of Rats Exposed to Irradition

Abstract Background Various studies are ongoing related to the radioprotective agents. Herbal preparations are currently becoming popular because of their beneficial effects with fewer side effects compared to the synthetic/semi-synthetic medicines, and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) is only one of them. Objective To investigate NSO for its antioxidant effects on the heart tissue of rats exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Methods Thirty six male albino Wistar rats, divided into four groups, were designated to group I (IR plus NSO group) that received both 5 Gray of gamma IR to total cranium and NSO; group II (IR alone group) that received IR plus saline, group III (control group of NSO) that received saline and did not receive NSO or IR; group IV (control group) that received only sham IR. Alterations in Total antioxidant status (TAS) and Total oxidant status (TOS), Oxidative stres index (OSI), Sulhydryl group (SH), Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), Paraoxonase (PON) levels, Arylesterase (ARE) and Ceruloplasmin (CER) activities in homogenized heart tissue of rats were measured by biochemical methods. Results In heart tissue of the rats in the IR alone group (group II) LOOH, TOS and OSI levels were found to be higher, ARE activity and TAS level were found to be lower than all of the other groups (p < 0.01). These results also support that IR increases oxidative stress and NSO's protective effect. Conclusion NSO would reduce the oxidative damage in the irradiated heart tissue in the experimental rat model.

Effect of Different Preparations of Fluoride Gel on Salivary pH of Albino Rats

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different preparations of fluoride gels on the salivary pH of albino rats. Material and Methods: This experimental study consisted of 40 Albino rats randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A was the control group and received no intervention. Experimental group B received a topical application of 0.2% sodium fluoride gel. Experimental group C received topical application of stannous fluoride gel 0.4%. Experimental group D received topical application of APF gel (1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel). The different preparations of the gels were applied once daily for 4 minutes on the occlusal surface of the right maxillary molars for 14 days. Salivary pH values were recorded immediately after the application of gels with the help of pH paper on day 1 and day 14. Results: There was a significant difference in the pH level of groups B, C and D after 14 days of fluoride application (p < 0.05). The non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was applied for the comparison between the groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that all the fluoride gels after administration caused the acidic pH of saliva with the most acidic effect produced by APF gel (AU).

Silymarin's defensive role against hepatotoxicity induced by amiodarone in albino rats / El efecto defensivo de silimarin contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por amiodarona en ratas albinas

SUMMARY: Amiodarone (AMD), an orally powerful antidysrhythmic medication that has caused hepatotoxicity on long-term administration, is commonly used across the world. Silymarin ameliorative effects (SLM); this research elucidated the magnitude of the damage to the liver tissue in AMD. We divided 24 albino rats evenly into four groups given daily doses by gastric tube for eight weeks as follows; the 1st group acted as a control group; the 2nd group received SLM; the 3rd group received AMD; and the 4th group received AMD parallel to SLM. Liver tissues prepared for light, electron microscopic and serum samples screened for biomarkers (I)liver injury enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST); (II) oxidative and antioxidant stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); and (III) inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The findings showed that AMD caused hepatic histological changes that included congestion of the blood vessels, leucocytic infiltration and cytoplasmic vacuolation. Ultrastructural degeneration of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum swelling, nuclear pyknosis and increased fat droplets and lysosomes were observed. The biochemical findings showed an increase in the AMD group's ALT and AST activities. The group of rats treated with AMD and SLM, increased the improvements in histology and ultrastructure, while the ALT and AST levels were reduced. Our findings collectively agreed that SLM has a protective impact on AMD hepatotoxicity which can be due to its antioxidant properties.

RESUMEN: La amiodarona (AMD) es un fuerte medicamento antiarrítmico administrado por vía oral que ha causado hepatotoxicidad en la administración a largo plazo utilizado con frecuencia en todo el mundo. Efectos de mejora de la silimarina (SLM); esta investigación analizó la magnitud del daño al tejido hepático en la DMAE. Dividimos 24 ratas albinas de manera uniforme en cuatro grupos que recibieron dosis diarias por sonda gástrica durante ocho semanas de la siguiente manera; el primer grupo fue designado como grupo control; el segundo grupo recibió SLM; el tercer grupo recibió AMD; y el cuarto grupo recibió AMD en paralelo a SLM. Se prepararon tejidos hepáticos para muestras de suero, microscopía de luz y electrónica y se analizaron para biomarcadores (I) enzimas de daño hepático, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST); (II) estrés oxidativo y antioxidante, malondialdehído (MDA) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD); y (III) marcadores inflamatorios, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) e interleucina-6 (IL-6). Los hallazgos mostraron que la DMAE genera cambios histológicos hepáticos que incluyen congestión de los vasos sanguíneos, infiltración leucocítica y vacuolación citoplásmica. Se observó una degeneración ultraestructural de las mitocondrias, aumento del retículo endoplásmico, picnosis nuclear y aumento de gotitas de grasa y lisosomas. Los hallazgos bioquímicos mostraron un aumento en las actividades de ALT y AST del grupo AMD. El grupo de ratas tratadas con AMD y SLM, aumentó las mejoras en histología y ultraestructura, mientras que se redujeron los niveles de ALT y AST. Nuestros hallazgos coincidieron colectivamente en que SLM tiene un impacto protector sobre la hepatotoxicidad de AMD debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes.

In vivo protective effect of cinnamon aqueous extract in carbon tetrachloride-treated male albino rats

The liver as an organ is important for the metabolism of drugs and toxins. However, it is not immune from environmental insults. Exposure of liver cells to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) results in the generation of tricholoromethyl radicals, which induce liver toxicity. This study aims at investigating the ameliorative effect of the cinnamon aqueous extract (CAE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats through the intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mL kg-1body weight of CCl4. The analyses of the results obtained showed significant reduction in the levels of serum biochemical markers for 400 and 600 mg kg-1bw of CAE protected rats as compared with CCl4group. In addition, CAE administration reversed liver tissue damaged via increased antioxidants markers. Histopathological examination of CAE treatment on rats showed improved changes to the liver damage caused by CCl4 with no evidence of steatosis and inflammation. This result hence suggests that CAE has marked hepatoprotective and healing activities against CCl4-induced liver damage and could serve as a suitable candidate in drug discovery for the treatment of liver toxicity.

Effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extract on immune deficiency induced by azathioprine in male albino rats

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea (E.P.) on azathioprine (AZA)-induced immune deficiency in albino rats. Thirty six male albino rats were divided into six equal groups. The first group served as normal control, the second and third groups were treated with two doses of AZA (3 and 5mg/kg/b.w/day IP), respectively for six weeks. The fourth group was treated with 50 mg kg/b.wt/day of Echinacea. The fifth and sixth groups were treated with3 and 5 mg AZAm respectively followed by50 mg E.P. administration. At the end of the experimental period, both doses of AZA revealed a significant reduction in total body and spleen weights, increase in tissue total protein with a significant increase in serum total protein and albumin, a marked decrease in the number of WBCS associated with a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, a significant decrease in serum total anti-oxidant capacity. Also,concentration of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) and interleukins (IL4 &IL6) showed a significant increase, while the level of IL10 decreased significantly in splenic tissue. The dose of AZA (5 mg /kg b.wt.) only resulted in a highly significant increase in serum level of T3 and T4. However, treatment with Echinacea purpurea extract had a significant influence on immune deficiency induced by azathioprine. These findings demonstrated that E.P. extract is a promising immunomodulatory agent with a potent therapeutic value in stimulating the immune response.

Photosensitizers and exposure times to light showed tissue compatibility in isogenic mice / Fotossensibilizadores e tempo de exposição a luz em relação a compatibilidade de tecidos em ratos isogênicos

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous tissue response after different protocols to photodynamic therapy (PDT). In Phase 1, were tested the diode laser (used for 1min) associated to the photosensitizer phenothiazine chloride solution (PCS) in different concentrations. In Phase 2 ­ the diode laser and LED were tested associated to two different photosensitizers, PCS and Curcumin, in different exposure times of light application. Material and Methods: After 7, 21 and 63-days the animals were euthanized and the subcutaneous tissue processed to histological analysis. Qualitative and semi-quantitative descriptions of the inflammatory process and immunohistochemical technique were performed. The obtained data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-test (α= 0.5). Results: On Phase 1, the tissue response was very similar among the groups. For the inflammatory infiltrate, PCS with concentration of 10mg/mL exhibited the most intense reaction (p > 0.05). On Phase 2, at 7-days period, the analyzed parameters presented small magnitude and after 21 and 63-days, all the parameters demonstrated tissue compatibility. Conclusion: Both photosensitizers presented proper tissue compatibility regardless the different concentrations used on Phase 1 and different durations of light exposure on Phase 2 (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a resposta do tecido subcutâneo após terapia fotodinâmica, utilizando na Fase 1 - laser diodo por 1min e solução fotossensibilizadora de cloreto de fenotiazina (CF) em diferentes concentrações e Fase 2 - laser diodo e LED e dois fotossensibilizadores, CF e Curcumina, em diferentes tempos de exposição da aplicação de luz. Material e Métodos: Após 7, 21 e 63 dias, foram realizadas descrições qualitativas e semiquantitativas do processo inflamatório e técnica de imunoistoquímica. Os dados foram analisados pelo pós-teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (α = 0,5). Resultados: Na Fase 1, a resposta do tecido foi muito semelhante. O infiltrado inflamatório, na concentração de 10 mg / mL, exibiu reação mais intensa (p > 0,05). Na Fase 2, aos 7 dias, os parâmetros analisados apresentaram pequena magnitude. Aos 21 e 63 dias, todos os parâmetros demonstraram compatibilidade com o tecido. Conclusão: Ambos os fotossensibilizadores apresentaram compatibilidade de tecido adequada, independentemente das diferentes concentrações utilizadas na Fase 1 e diferentes durações de exposição à luz na Fase 2 (AU)

Avaliação da morfologia hepática em ratos após administração do ranelato de estrôncio / Evaluation of hepatic morphology in rats after administration of strontium ranelate

Introdução: o fármaco ranelato de estrôncio (RE) é muito utilizado na terapêutica profilática e no controle da osteoporose. Age sistemicamente diminuindo a reabsorção e aumentando a formação óssea, apresentando eventos adversos pouco esclarecidos na literatura, à exemplo a síndrome DRESS com envolvimento hepático. Objetivo: avaliar a morfologia hepática em ratos norvegicus albinus após administração do RE. Metodologia: estudo experimental com 10 ratos, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, Grupo Controle (GC), sem administração do RE, e Grupo Ranelato de Estrôncio (GRE), ambos acompanhados durante 15 dias, e, em seguida, sacrificados e o fígado de cada animal colocado para fixação no solução de formaldeído a 4% durante 48 horas. Após essa etapa, foram realizados os procedimentos necessários à análise pela microscopia óptica, com lâminas coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina, e picrosirius red.Resultados: nos GC e GRE foram encontradas alterações similares, como reação ductular, dilatação sinusoidal e fibrose perissinusoidal, com intensidades distintas entre os grupos, sendo a reação ductular mais proeminente no GC, e a dilatação sinusoidal e fibrose perissinusoidal mais pronunciada no GRE. Além disso, no GC foram evidenciados achados inflamatórios, como presença de infiltrado inflamatório misto e hiperplasia de células de Kupffer, não visualizados no GRE, implicando numa possível ação anti-inflamatória do RE. Conclusão: pode-se concluir que foram visualizadas diferenças nos achados morfológicos do parênquima hepático dos ratos tratados com o RE em comparação aos não tratados, ainda que esses achados não sejam suficientes para inferir a incidência de um processo patológico característico, como cirrose ou hepatite.

Introduction: the drug strontium ranelate (SR) is widely used in prophylactic therapy and in the control of osteoporosis. It acts by reducing reabsorption and increasing bone formation systemically, presenting unclear adverse events in the literature, such as the DRESS syndrome with hepatic involvement. Objective: to evaluate hepatic morphology in norvegicus albinus rats after SR administration. Methodology: experimental group with 10 rats, divided into two groups, randomly distributed, five from the Control Group (CG), without SR administration, and the other five from the Strontium Ranelate Group (SRG), both followed for 15 days, and then sacrificed and the liver of each animal placed for fixation in 4% formalin for 48 hours. After this step, the procedures necessary for the analysis by optical microscopy were performed, with blades stained by hematoxylin e eosin, and picrosirius red. Results: in CG and SRG, similar alterations were observed, such as ductular reaction, sinusoidal dilatation and perissinusoidal fibrosis, with distinct intensities between the groups, being the ductular reaction more prominent in the CG, and sinusoidal dilation and a perissinusoidal fibrosis more pronounced in the SRG. In addition, in the CG were evidenced inflammatory findings such as the presence of mixed inflammatory infiltrate and Kupffer cell hyperplasia, not visualized in the SRG, implying a possible anti-inflammatory action of SR. Conclusion: it can be concluded that differences were observed in the morphological findings of the hepatic parenchyma of rats treated with SR compared to untreated rats, although these findings are not sufficient to infer the incidence of a characteristic pathological process, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.

O modelo de dor inflamatória induzida pela carragenina como estratégia para avaliar a ação de drogas sobre a dor miofascial / The carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model as a tool to assess the action of drugs on myofascial pain

A dor miofascial orofacial vem sendo tratada com analgésicos, anti-inflamatórios, relaxantes musculares, fisioterapia, laserterapia e placas oclusais. Contudo, muitas vezes, tais condutas falham em amenizar o quadro doloroso, havendo a necessidade de testar outras estratégias de tratamento. Metodologia: Uma opção para avaliação experimental dessas terapias seria o teste de dor induzido pela carragenina, associado ao teste de avaliação do limiar nociceptivo, originalmente desenvolvido para avaliar a ação de drogas nas patas de roedores. Sendo assim, o presente estudo analisou a nocicepção causada pela carragenina em masseteres de ratos, através do teste de Von Frey, correlacionando-a com alterações teciduais produzidas por esta droga. A carragenina foi injetada no músculo masseter de ratos, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu soro fisiológico. O limiar nociceptivo foi mensurado com um analgesímetro digital antes da administração da carragenina e 5 horas, 1, 3 e 7 dias após o seu uso. Decorridos 8 dias da intervenção, os animais foram eutanasiados, sendo seus masseteres encaminhados para processamento histológico e coloração H&E. Resultados: Observou-se uma diminuição do limiar da resposta nociceptiva em todos os períodos no grupo com carragenina, quando comparado com o grupo controle, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante nas 5 horas. A análise histológica do grupo experimental mostrou a presença de espaços perimisial e endomisial alargados e preenchidos por uma matriz com alguns linfócitos, muitos macrófagos e raros mastócitos. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que a associação de uma droga inflamatória com o método Von Frey pode ser uma opção para o estudo do efeito de terapias de dor miofascial.

Myofascial orofacial pain has been treated with analgesics, anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, laser therapy and occlusal plaques. However, many times, such behaviors fail to alleviate the painful condition, with the need to test other treatment strategies. Methodology: An option for experimental evaluation of these therapies would be the pain test induced by carrageenan associated with the nociceptive threshold assessment test, originally developed to assess the action of drugs on the rodents' feet. Thus, the present study analyzed the nociception caused by carrageenan in rat masseter using the Von Frey test, correlating it with tissue changes produced by this drug. Carrageenan was injected into the masseter muscle of rats, while the control group received saline. The nociceptive threshold was measured with a digital analgesometer before administration of carrageenan and 5 hours, 1, 3 and 7 days after its use. After 8 days of the intervention, the animals were euthanized, and their masseters were sent for histological processing and H&E staining. Results: There was a decrease in the nociceptive response threshold in all periods in the group treated with carrageenan when compared to the control group, with a statistically significant difference at 5 hours. Histological analysis of the experimental group showed the presence of enlarged perimisial and endomisial spaces, filled by a matrix with some lymphocytes, many macrophages and rare mast cells. Conclusion: Results indicated that the association of an inflammatory drug with the Von Frey method may be an option for studying the effect of therapies on myofascial pain.

Evaluación genotóxica de las moléculas con efectos tripanocida y leishmanicida cantin-6-ona y 5-metoxicantin-6-ona en células de médula ósea de ratones / Genotoxic evaluation of the molecules with trypanocidal and leishmanicidal effects, canthin-6-one and 5-methoxycanthin-6-one in mouse bone marrow cells

La tripanosomiasis americana y la leishmaniasis son problemas de salud pública relevantes en Iberoamérica. Las drogas utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento de estas enfermedades poseen efectos colaterales tóxicos severos. Varios grupos de investigación están abocados a la búsqueda de productos naturales y sintéticos para encontrar nuevos agentes terapéuticos efectivos que no presenten reacciones colaterales adversas. En la evaluación de compuestos de la especie vegetal Zanthoxylum chiloperone (Rutaceae), se demostró que compuestos aislados del extracto presentaban actividad leishmanicida, tripanocida y antifúngica in vivo. Teniendo como antecedentes estos resultados, en el presente estudio se evaluaron los efectos genotóxico y citotóxico del cantín-6-ona y del 5-metoxicantin-6-ona, moléculas aisladas de la planta, en células de médula ósea de animales tratados. El estudio de los efectos genotóxicos se hizo a través del ensayo de modificaciones en la frecuencia de micronúcleos y el efecto citotóxico por modificaciones en la relación entre eritrocitos policromáticos y eritrocitos normocromáticos. Se realizaron 2 ensayos independientes y en cada ensayo los animales fueron divididos en tres grupos de tratamiento: GRUPO I: control negativo que recibió 200 uL de agua y 2.1% de DMSO, vía oral, GRUPO II: compuesto a ser evaluado (canthin-6-ona o 5-methoxicantin-6-ona) con 2.1% de DMSO, y GRUPO III: control positivo que recibió ciclofosfamida 50mg/kg/peso del animal, vía intraperitoneal. El análisis estadístico mostró que ambos compuestos no presentaron efectos genotóxicos ni citotóxicos. Estos resultados permiten proponer a estas moléculas como candidatas a ser sometidas a estudios más detallados como potenciales fármacos contra estas dos enfermedades

American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are relevant public health problems in Latin America. The drugs currently used to treat these diseases have severe toxic side effects. Several research groups are dedicated to the search of natural and synthetic products to find new effective therapeutic agents that do not present adverse collateral reactions. In the evaluation of compounds of the plant species Zanthoxylum chiloperone (Rutaceae), it was shown that isolated compounds of the extract had leishmanicidal, trypanocidal and antifungal in vivo activities. Based on these results, the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of canthin-6-one and 5-methoxycanthin-6-one, molecules isolated from the plant, on bone marrow cells of treated mice were evaluated in the present study. The study of genotoxic effects was made through the test of modifications in the frequency of micronuclei and the cytotoxic effects by modifications in the relationship between polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromic erythrocytes. Two independent assays were performed and in each assay the animals were divided into three treatment groups: GROUP I: negative control that received 200 µL of water and 2.1% of DMSO, orally, GROUP II: compound to be evaluated (canthin-6 -one or 5-methoxycanthin-6-one) with 2.1% DMSO, and GROUP III: positive control that received cyclophosphamide 50mg /kg animal weight, intraperitoneal. Statistical analysis showed that both compounds had neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic effects. These results allow these molecules to be proposed as candidates to be subjected to more detailed studies as potential drugs against these two diseases

Possible protective effect of olive leaves extract on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats / Possível efeito protetor do extrato de folhas de oliveira na hepatotoxicidade induzida por paracetamol em ratos albinos machos

Paracetamol (PCM) overdose can cause hepatotoxicity with oxidative stress; the present study was carried out to establish the possible protective effect of olive leaves extract (OLE) on toxicity induced by paracetamol in adult male rats. Twenty four adult male rats were divided into four equal groups; control, olive leaves extract group, paracetamol group and olive leaves extract plus paracetamol group. Some biochemical parameters and liver histopathology were evaluated. PCM treatment significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine and alpha-fetoprotein. Paracetamol was found to significantly increase malonaldehyde (MDA) and decrease glutathione reductase (GR) activity in tissue and significantly decrease total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum. Administration of OLE caused a significant decrease serum AST, ALT enzyme, total bilirubin, GGT, LDH, creatinine, urea, alpha-fetoprotein. Also, amelioration of oxidant ­ antioxidant status with olive leaves extract was observed in addition to a significant decrease in MDA and a significant increase in TAC in liver tissue with a significant increase in glutathione reductase (GR) and SOD in serum compared to paracetamol treated group The chemical pathological changes were in step with histopathological observation suggesting marked hepatoprotective result of olive leaves extract. It could be concluded that olive leaves extract (OLE) treatment may be effective in decreasing hepatic injury and oxidative stress induced by paracetamol overdose in male albino rats

A sobredosagem de paracetamol (PCM) pode causar hepatotoxicidade com estresse oxidativo; o presente estudo foi realizado para estabelecer o possível efeito protetor do extrato de folhas de oliveira (OLE) na toxicidade induzida pelo paracetamol em ratos machos adultos. Vinte e quatro ratos machos adultos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: controle, grupo extrato de folhas de oliveira, grupo paracetamol e extrato de folhas de oliveira mais grupo paracetamol. Alguns parâmetros bioquímicos e histopatologia hepática foram avaliados. O tratamento com PCM aumentou significativamente aspartato aminotransferase sérica (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), bilirrubina total, gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), uréia, creatinina e alfa-fetoproteína. Verificou-se que o paracetamol aumenta significativamente o malonaldeído (MDA) e diminui a atividade da glutationa redutase (GR) no tecido e diminui significativamente a capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) e a superóxido dismutase (SOD) no soro. A administração de OLE causou uma diminuição significativa de AST, enzima ALT, bilirrubina total, GGT, LDH, creatinina, uréia, alfa-fetoproteína. Também foi observada melhora do status oxidante - antioxidante com extrato de folhas de oliveira, além de uma diminuição significativa no MDA e um aumento significativo no TAC no tecido hepático, com um aumento significativo na glutationa redutase (GR) e SOD no soro em comparação ao grupo tratado com paracetamol. As alterações patológicas químicas acompanharam a observação histopatológica, sugerindo resultado hepatoprotetor acentuado do extrato de folhas de oliveira. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento com extrato de folhas de oliveira (OLE) pode ser eficaz na diminuição da lesão hepática e do estresse oxidativo induzido pela overdose de paracetamol em ratos albinos machos

Efecto del consumo del extracto de quinua en anemia ferropénica inducida en ratones / Effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar efecto del consumo del extracto de quinua en anemia ferropénica inducida, en ratones. Material y Métodos Se utilizaron treinta ratones albinos M. musculus de la cepa Bal-b/c, machos de peso promedio 24±32,7 g. Se formó tres grupos de diez ratones cada uno: a) grupo control negativo hierro suficiente(HS),recibió 40g/d de alimento balanceado durante siete semanas; b)grupo control positivo hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas; y, c) grupo experimental hierro defi-ciente(HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas y a partir de la semana cinco se agregó 20g/d de extracto de quinua(EQ). Se midió el nivel de hemoglobina. Resultados Al finalizar el tratamiento, se observó diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina entre los grupos control positivo (8,9±1,1g/dL) HD y experimental (11,4±0,5 g/dL.) HD+EQ (t student, p<0,05). No se encontró diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina, al término del periodo de inducción entre los grupos control positivo (9,1±1,1) HD y experimental (9,3±0,7) HD (t student, p>0,05). Conclusiones En condiciones experimentales, la quinua presenta efecto antianémico, sustentado en los resultados de los niveles de hemoglobina.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice. Materials and Methods Thirty male M. musculus albino mice of the Balb/c strain, with an average weight of 24±32.7 g, were used. Three groups of ten mice each were formed: 1) a negative control group of iron-sufficient (IS) mice that received 40g/d of balanced feed for 7 weeks; 2) a positive control group of iron-deficient (ID) mice that received 40g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks; and 3) an experimental group of ID mice that received 40 g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks and 20 g/d of quinoa extract (QE) from week 5. Hemoglobin levels were measured. Results At the end of the treatment, a significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels between the positive (ID mice: 8.9±1.1 g/dL) and experimental (ID+QU mice: 11.4±0.5 g/dL) groups (student's t, p<0.05). No significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels at the end of the induction period between the positive (IS mice: 9.1±1.1) and experimental (ID mice: 9.3±0.7) groups (student's t, p>0.05). Conclusions Under experimental conditions, quinoa has an antianemic effect based on the results of hemoglobin levels.(AU)

Efecto del consumo del extracto de alfalfa (medicago sativa) en anemia ferropénica inducida, en ratones (mus musculus) / Effect of consumption of alfalfa extract (Medicago sativa) on induced iron deficiency anemia in mice (Mus musculus)

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar el efecto del consumo del extracto de alfalfa en anemia ferropé-nica inducida, en ratones. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizaron treinta ratones albinos M. musculus de la cepa Balb/c, machos de peso promedio 23±33,7 g. Se formaron tres grupos de diez ratones cada uno: a) grupo control negativo hierro suficiente (HS), recibió 40g/d de alimento balanceado durante siete semanas; b) grupo control positivo hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas y; c) grupo experimental hierro deficiente (HD), recibió 40g/d de dieta ferropénica durante siete semanas y a partir de la semana cinco se agregó 20g/d de extracto de alfalfa (EA). Resultados Al finalizar el tratamiento se observó diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina entre los grupos control positivo (8.41±3.9 g/dL) y experimental (13.4±3.3 g/dL) (t student, p<0,05). No se encontró diferencia significativa en los niveles de hemoglobina, al término del periodo de inducción entre los grupos control positivo (8.76±3.9 g/dL) y experimental (8.59± 3.1 g/dL) (t student, p>0,05). Conclusiones En condiciones experimentales, la alfalfa presenta efecto antianémico, sustentado en los resultados de los niveles de hemoglobina.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of alfalfa extract consumption on induced iron deficiency anemia in mice. Materials and Methods Thirty M. musculus albino mice of the BALB/c strain were used for this study. All of them were males, with a mean weight of 23±33.7 g. Three groups of 10 mice each were formed: a) negative control group with sufficient iron (HS), which received 40g/d of balanced feed for seven weeks; b) positive control group with iron deficiency (HD), which received 40g/d of a diet plan for anemia for seven weeks; and c) experimental group with iron deficiency (HD), which received 40g/d of a diet plan for anemia for seven weeks and 20g/d of alfalfa extract (EA) from week five. Hemoglobin levels were measured. Results At the end of the treatment, a significant difference was observed in hemoglobin levels between the positive (8.41±3.9 g/dL) and experimental (13.4±3.3 g/dL) control groups (T student, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in hemoglobin levels at the end of the induction period between the positive (8.76±3.9 g /dL) and experimental (8.59±3.1 g/dL) groups (T student, p>0.05). Conclusions Under experimental conditions, alfalfa has an antianemic effect based on the results of hemoglobin levels.(AU)

Perfil antigénico en fase aguda y crónica de toxoplasmosis en embarazadas por la técnica de Western Blot / Antigenic profile in the acute and chronic phase of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women using the Western Blot technique

La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad endémica con prevalencia mundial variable, cuyo agente causal es el parásito Toxoplasma gondii. Para un diagnóstico certero de la infección por T. gondii son necesarias combinaciones de métodos serológicos. Estudios recientes han reportado que la técnica de Western Blot permite evidenciar proteínas antigénicas como marcadores de la infección, así como ciertos perfiles proteicos como posibles indicadores de las fases de la infección, aguda y crónica. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el perfil antigénico específico asociado a las diferentes fases de la toxoplasmosis. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 55 sueros de embarazadas con toxoplasmosis, diferenciados en fase aguda y crónica de la enfermedad por medio del método de ELISA de Avidez de IgG. Mediante el método de Western Blot se observó que las proteínas antigénicas p35, p43, p45, p56 y p107 fueron reconocidas por el 20- 60% de los sueros de pacientes en fase aguda, mientras que p65, p95, p98 y p113 fueron reconocidas por el 17-35% de sueros de pacientes en fase crónica. Se observó que seis proteínas antigénicas, p32, p38, p41, p48, p59 y p72, fueron reconocidas por más del 60% de los sueros de pacientes tanto en fase aguda como crónica. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que estas seis proteínas podrían ser consideradas como marcadores diagnósticos de la enfermedad(AU)

Toxoplasmosis is an endemic disease with variable global prevalence, being the causative agent the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. For an accurate diagnosis of a T. gondii infection, combinations of serological methods are required. Recent studies have reported that the Western Blot technique allows the detection of antigenic proteins as markers of infection, as well as certain protein profiles as possible indicators of acute and chronic phases of infection. The objective of the study was to identify the specific antigenic profile associated with different phases of toxoplasmosis. Fifty five sera from pregnant women with toxoplasmosis were included in the study, differentiated in acute and chronic phase of the disease by an IgG Avidity ELISA. By using the Western Blot method it was observed that antigenic proteins p35, p43, p45, p56 and p107 were recognized by 20-60% of sera from patients in acute phase, while p65, p95, p98 and p113 were recognized by 17-35% of sera from patients in chronic phase. It was observed that six antigenic proteins, p32, p38, p41, p48, p59 and p72, were recognized by more than 60% of sera from patients in both acute and chronic phases. The results obtained in this study suggest that these six proteins could be considered as diagnostic markers of the disease(AU)

Efeitos de sulfato de vincristine sobre os testículos de ratos albinos, tratados na fase pré-púbere / Effects of vincristine sulphate on albino rat testis treated in the prepuberal phase

Este trabalho visou avaliar os efeitos de sulfato de vincristine sobre os testículos de ratos tratados na fase pré púbere, sobretudo quanto às alterações das células de Sertoli e das células germinativas. Foram utilizados 30 animais controles e 30 tratados com sulfato de vincristine. As aplicações da droga ocorreram aos 15 dias de vida, e a eutanásia aos 40, 64 e 127 dias de vida para possibilitar a avaliação em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento reprodutivo. Foram realizadas medidas biométricas (pesos corpóreos e testiculares), medidas morfométricas testiculares, (eixos testiculares maiores e menores, diâmetros testiculares de túbulo e lúmen seminíferos, e altura do epitélio seminífero) e estereológicas (volumes testiculares e as densidades de volume do tecido tubular e do tecido intersticial testicular). As medidas biométricas foram feitas em todos os animais do experimento, e as avaliações morfométricas e estereológicas foram realizadas em 200 túbulos seminíferos. Os resultados demonstraram que sulfato de vincristine reduz parâmetros biométricos como peso corpóreo, peso testicular e volume testicular total. Variáveis morfométricas e estereológicas como diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio seminífero e volume dos túbulos seminíferos também foram reduzidos. Os tipos celulares mais atingidos foram as espermatogônias, espermátides tardias e células de Sertoli.(AU)

This study evaluated the vincristine sulfate effect on rat testes treated in pre pubertal stage, especially regarding the changes of Sertoli cells and germ cells. Thirty control rats and 30 rats treated with vincristine sulfate were used. The drug application occurred at 15 days of life, and euthanasia at 40, 64 and 127 days of life to enable evaluation at different stages of reproductive development. Biometric measurements were performed (body and testicular weights), testicular morphometric measures (major and minor testicular axis and of seminiferous tubule and seminiferous lumen) and stereological (testicular volumes and volume densities of the tubular and testicular interstitial tissue). The biometric measurements were made on all rats in the experiment, and morphometric and stereological analysis was carried out in 200 seminiferous tubules. The results demonstrate that vincristine sulfate reduces biometric parameters such as body weight, testicular weight and the total testicular volume. Morphometric and stereological variables as diameter of the seminiferous tubules, height of the seminiferous epithelium and volume of the seminiferous tubules were also reduced. The most affected cell types were spermatogonia, late spermatids and Sertoli cells.(AU)

Cardiac protein expression patterns are associated with distinct inborn exercise capacity in non-selectively bred rats

In the present study, we successfully demonstrated for the first time the existence of cardiac proteomic differences between non-selectively bred rats with distinct intrinsic exercise capacities. A proteomic approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry was used to study the left ventricle (LV) tissue proteome of rats with distinct intrinsic exercise capacity. Low running performance (LRP) and high running performance (HRP) rats were categorized by a treadmill exercise test, according to distance run to exhaustion. The running capacity of HRPs was 3.5-fold greater than LRPs. Protein profiling revealed 29 differences between HRP and LRP rats (15 proteins were identified). We detected alterations in components involved in metabolism, antioxidant and stress response, microfibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins. Contractile proteins were upregulated in the LVs of HRP rats (α-myosin heavy chain-6, myosin light chain-1 and creatine kinase), whereas the LVs of LRP rats exhibited upregulation in proteins associated with stress response (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, α-crystallin B chain and HSPβ-2). In addition, the cytoskeletal proteins desmin and α-actin were upregulated in LRPs. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased contractile protein levels in HRP rats partly accounted for their improved exercise capacity, and that proteins considered risk factors to the development of cardiovascular disease were expressed in higher amounts in LRP animals.

Arnica montana does not affect mast cell populations in experimentally induced oral ulcers in rats / Arnica montana não afeta populações de mastócitos em úlceras orais induzidas experimentalmente em ratos

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that Arnica montana shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Arnica montana on mast cells during the wound healing of oral ulcers. METHOD: An ulcerated lesion was chemically induced on the tongue of 75 male albino rats and, then, treated topically for seven days using saline solution (control), Arnica montana gel or tincture. The animals were killed after 2nd, 7th, 14th, 21th and 42th day of treatment. The tongues were removed and subjected to routine laboratory (0.2% toluidine blue staining). The numbers of mast cell were determined in two regions: superficial and submucosa. RESULTS: The numbers of mast cells were significantly increased for all groups in the region of the deeper tissue when compared to the superficial region. No statistical difference was observed in mast cell numbers for each group. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that Arnica montana tincture and gel were unable to change mast cell population during wound healing of oral ulcer of rats. According to these results, the anti-inflammatory effects of Arnica montana were not related to inhibition of mast cell degranulation.

OBJETIVO: Sabe-se que a Arnica montana mostra atividade anti-inflamatória e anti-oxidante e tem sido usada em medicina tradicional para o tratamento de vários distúrbios. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da Arnica montana em mastócitos durante a cicatrização de feridas de úlceras orais. MÉTODO: Uma úlcera foi quimicamente induzida na língua de 75 ratos albinos machos e, em seguida, tratada topicamente durante sete dias, utilizando solução salina (controle), gel ou tintura de Arnica montana. Os animais foram sacrificados após 2, 7, 14, 21 e 42º dia de tratamento. As línguas foram removidas e submetidas a rotina de laboratório (coloração com 0,2% de azul de toluidina). A densidade de mastócitos foi determinada em duas regiões: superficial e submucosa. RESULTADOS: O número de mastócitos aumentou nitidamente para todos os grupos na região mais profunda do tecido peri-ulceroso, quando comparada à região superficial. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada no número de mastócitos entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo revelou que a tintura ou o gel de Arnica montana foram incapazes de interferir na população de mastócitos durante a cicatrização da úlcera oral de ratos. De acordo com estes resultados, os efeitos anti-inflamatórios de Arnica montana não foram relacionados à inibição da degranulação dos mastócitos.

Chemical carcinogenesis by DMBA (7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene) in female BALB/c mice: new facts / Carcinogenese quimica por DMBA (7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene) em camundongos femeas BALB/c: novos fatos

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known carcinogens used in rodent experimental models. In this study, the carcinogen DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene) was administered by gavage, diluted in corn oil, to female BALB / c mice at hebdomadary doses of 1 mg per animal for 1, 3, 6 or 9 weeks. Animals were weighed and monitored weekly until death. Remaining animals were euthanized at the age of 53 weeks. At necropsy, representative fragments of neoplasms were collected and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. Of all mice that received DMBA, 68.57% developed some type of tumor. Of the 70 mice treated with various doses of DMBA, 22 (31.43%) developed mammary tumors. The adenoacanthoma was the most commonly (18.75%) diagnosed histological type of breast cancer. Lung (15.71%), lymphoid tissue (11.43%), stomach (7.14%) and skin (2.86%) were also primary sites of tumor development. One third (33.33%) of the mice receiving 1 mg of DMBA developed lung cancer. Therefore, the administration of DMBA was shown to be an efficient model of carcinogenesis in mice, especially for the study of breast cancer, when using the highest dose, and lung, when using the lowest dose. Carcinogenesis models have been used for several purposes in cancer research. These results represent new facts for a classic carcinogenesis model.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos e aromáticos são carcinógenos usados em modelos experimentais em roedores. Neste estudo, o carcinógeno DMBA (7,12-dimetilbenzantraceno) foi administrado por gavagem, diluído em óleo de milho, para camundongos BALB/c em doses hebdomadárias de 1 mg por animal por 1, 3, 6 ou 9 semanas. Os animais foram pesados e monitorados semanalmente até a morte. Os animais remanescentes foram eutanasiados com a idade de 53 semanas. Na necroscopia, fragmentos representativos das neoplasias foram colhidos e rotineiramente processados para exame histopatológico. De todos os animais que receberam DMBA, 68,57% desenvolveram algum tipo de tumor. Entre os 70 camundongos tratados com diferentes doses de DMBA, 22 (31,43%) desenvolveram neoplasias mamárias. O adenoacantoma foi o tumor mamário mais comumente diagnosticado (18,75%). Pulmões (15,71%), tecido linfoide (11,43%), estômago (7,14%) e pele (2,86%) foram também locais primários de desenvolvimento de neoplasias. Um terço (33,33%) dos camundongos que receberam 1 mg de DMBA desenvolveram neoplasias pulmonares. Portanto, a administração de DMBA foi considerada um modelo eficiente de carcinogênese em camundongos, especialmente para o estudo de neoplasias mamárias, quando a maior dose é utilizada, e de neoplasias pulmonares, quando utilizada a menor dose. Os modelos de carcinogênese química têm sido usados para diversos estudos na pesquisa em câncer, os resultados aqui apresentados mostram novos fatos para um modelo clássico de carcinogênese.

Asiatic acid mitigates hyperglycemia and reduces islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rat, a spontaneous type 2 diabetic animal model / 中国天然药物

The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a spontaneous type 2 diabetic animal model, which is characterized by a progressive loss of beta islet cells with fibrosis. In the present study, the hypoglycemic effect of asiatic acid (AA) in GK rats was examined. GK rats receiving AA at a daily dose of 25 mg·kg(-1) for four weeks showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels. Age-matched normal Wistar rats were given 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) solution for the same periods and used as control. Compared to the normal Wistar rats, GK rats treated with AA showed improvement in insulin resistance partially through decreasing glucose level (P < 0.01) and insulin level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of immunohistochemistry indicate that AA treatment reduced islet fibrosis in GK rats. Fibronectin, a key protein related to islet fibrosis, was over-expressed in GK rats, which was reversed significantly by AA treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that AA has a beneficial effect on lowering blood glucose levels in GK rats and improves fibrosis of islets in diabetes, which may play a role in the prevention of islets dysfunction.